Cardiovascular diseases and their Correlates among adult residents of Masala Township in Ndola City, Zambia

Kayabwe Leonard, MBChB; Kabelenga Elijah, M.Sc.; Mwanakasale Victor, Ph.D.

Authors

Kayabwe Leonard, MBChB Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 71191, Ndola 10101 Zambia.
Kabelenga Elijah, M.Sc. Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 71191, Ndola 10101 Zambia.
Mwanakasale Victor, Ph.D. Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 71191, Ndola 10101 Zambia.

Keywords:

BMI, Cardiovascular disease, Risk factors, Ndola City, Zambia

Abstract

Introduction: In recent years, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as the major cause of death in developing countries. In developing countries like Zambia, there is scant information on cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and their correlates among adult residents of Masala Township in Ndola, Zambia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 168 randomly selected adults at New Masala clinic in Ndola, Zambia using standardized data collection tools between May and July, 2018. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Multivariate logistic regression analysis using a backward variable selection method was done. Unadjusted odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio with their 95% confidence intervals are reported.

Results: The prevalence of CVDs was 28%. Factors that were independently associated with development of CVDs were sex, age and Body Mass Index. Female participants were 3.72 (AOR=3.72, 95% CI [1.912, 7.231]) more likely to have CVDs compared to males. Participants aged between 25 and 44 years old were 68% (AOR=0.32, 95% CI [0.2, 0.501]) less likely to have CVDs than participants who were aged 45 years old and more. Participants with BMI less than or equal to 18.5 and 24.9 were 42% (AOR=0.579, 95% CI [0.351, 0.953]) less likely to have CVDs than participants whose BMIs were 25 or more.

Conclusion: Prevalence of CVDs was high and this is the time for district health authorities to start instituting interventions meant to combat CVDs among men and women who are aged 45 years and above and those whose BMI is 25 or more.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Kabelenga Elijah, M.Sc., Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 71191, Ndola 10101 Zambia.

Ndola College of Nursing and Midwifery, Private Agency, Ndola 10101, Zambia.

References

Abegunde, D.O., Mathers, C.D., Adam, T., Ortegon, M. and Strong, K. 2007. The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet, 370: 1929–1938.

Adediran, O.S., Chinyere, O.I., Stephen, A.O. and Kayode, J. 2013. Hypertension prevalence in an urban and rural area of Nigeria. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 4(4): 149-154.

Alberts, M., Urdal, P., Steyn, K., Stensvold, I., Tverdal, A., Nel, J.H. and Steyn, N.P. 2005. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors in a rural black population of South Africa. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 12(4): 347-354.

Baragou, S.D., Mohaman, A.B., Damorou, F., Pio, M., Agnon, A. and Koffi, B. 2012. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in an urban area of Togo: A WHO STEPS-wise approach in Lome, Togo. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 23(6): 309-12.

Bernabe-Ortiz, A., Benziger, C.P., Gilman, R.H., Smeeth, L. and Miranda, J.J. 2012. Sex Differences in Risk factors for Cardiovascular Diseases: The Peru Migrant study. Gong Yed. Plos One, 7(4): e35127.

Bogati, A., Manandhar, R., Sharma, D.G., Baidhya, S., Prajapati, D., Baniya, S., Bista, N., Khanal, S. and Ranabhat, S. 2017. Prevalence of Cardiovascular risk factors among the residents of urban community of Kathmandu municipality. Nepalese Heart Journal, 14(1): 3-7.

Cheryl D. Fryar, Yechiam Ostchega, R.N., Craig M. Hales, Guangyu Zhang, M.P.H. and Deanna Kruszon-Moran, M.S. 2017. Hypertension Prevalence and Control Among Adults: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief, 289.

City of Ndola. 2007. District Situation Analysis 2006. Ndola: Ndola City Council.

El-Shafei, S.A., Bassili, A., Hassanien, N.M. and Mokhtar, M.M. 2002. Genetic determinants of essential hypertension. The Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association, 77(3-4): 231-246.

Israel, G.D. 1992. Sampling the Evidence of Extension Program Impact. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development, IFAS: University of Florida.

Jain, S. and Ward, M.A. 2015. HDL and its Role in Cardiovascular Disease: A Primary Care Perspective. Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health, 2(3):1037.

Lillo, N., Palomo-Vélez, G., Fuentes, E. and Palomo, I. 2015. Role of physical activity in cardiovascular disease prevention in older adults. Sport Sciences for Health, 11: 1-7.

Maher, D., Waswa, L., Baisley, K., Karabarinde, A. and Unwin, N. 2011. Epidemiology of hypertension in low-income countries: a cross-sectional population-based survey in rural Uganda. Journal of Hypertension, 29(6):1061-8, doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283466e90.

Mufunda, J., Mebrahtu, G., Usman, A., Nyarango, P., Kosia, A., Ghebrat, Y., Ogbamariam, A., Masjuan, M. and Gebremichael, A. 2006. The prevalence of hypertension and its relationship with obesity: results from a national blood pressure survey in Eritrea. Journal of Human Hypertension, 20: 59-65.

Pekka, J., Erkki, V., Jaakko, T. and Pekka, P. 1999. Sex, Age, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease Finland. Circulation, (9):1165-117272.

Resseguie, A.R. 2014. Contraception Choices for Women at Risk for Venous Thromboembolism. Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Boston: Massachusetts.

Roth, G.A., Johnson, C., Abajobir, A., et al., 2017.Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(1): 1-25, DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052.

Rudatsikira, E, Muula, A, Mulenga, D and Siziya, S. 2012. Prevalence and correlates of obesity among Lusaka residents, Zambia: A population-based survey. International Archives of Medicine, 5: 14.

Shey Wiysonge, C.U, Ngu Blackett, K and Mbuagbaw, J.N. 2004. Risk factors and complications of hypertension in Yaounde, Cameroon. Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa, 15: 215-219.

Stramba-Badiale, M, Fox, K.M, Priori, S.G.P, et al., 2006. Cardiovascular diseases in women: a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal, 27: 994-1005.

Tragni, E, Filippi, A, Casula, M, Favato, G, Brignoli, O, Cricelli, C, Poli, A and Catapano, A. 2012. Risk factors distribution and cardiovascular disease prevalence in the Italian population: The CHECK study. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 2: 90-100, doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2012.24014.

Usman, A, Mebrahtu, G, Mufunda, J, Nyarang’o, P, Hagos, G, Kosia, A, Ghebrat, Y, Mosazghi A, Aranga, S.J and Equbamichael, M.M. 2006. Prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors in Eritrea. Ethnicity and Disease, 16: 542-546.

Wang, J.C. and Bennett, M. 2012. Aging and Atherosclerosis Mechanisms, Functional Consequences, and Potential Therapeutics for Cellular Senescence. Circulation Research, 111(2):245-59, doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388.

WHO, 2002. World Health Report on Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization, 7-14pp.

WHO, 2014. Zambia: WHO statistical profile Available: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/zmb_en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed: 19th September 2018.

WHO, 2017. Cardiovascular Diseases Factsheet. [Online].